Decoding Autism: Understanding the Biological Roots and Exploring Potential Natural Interventions

The rising rates of autism and related conditions have prompted investigations into potential causes. In light of this significant increase, factors such as nutrition and vaccination require careful consideration as possible contributing elements.

With the topic being widely discussed in the news lately, I’ve been reflecting on ways to support those affected, using my knowledge of biology and natural medicine.

I’ve had two key insights, and this article will focus on the first. Be sure to subscribe to catch the next one.

What Foundation is my First Major Insight Built Upon?

1. If a condition is caused by a substance, it’s logical to assume that another substance might help reverse or mitigate it.

   Many conditions, including some neurological disorders, are influenced by imbalances or the presence of certain chemicals or substances in the body.

2. Since autism can occur naturally, it’s possible that nature may have solutions.
   Many natural substances, such as plants, fungi, and other organisms, have evolved bioactive compounds that can influence biological systems.

3. Energy is never lost, it transforms from one way to another.

   This is a fundamental principle of physics, specifically the law of conservation of energy. Energy can change forms - for example, electrical energy can become heat or mechanical energy, but it is never destroyed or created from nothing. In biological systems, energy transformations are essential for life. For instance, the food we consume is broken down into chemical energy stored in molecules like ATP, which powers cellular processes.

   In the context of autism, this idea might be interpreted metaphorically or speculatively. For example, one could argue that imbalances in energy production or utilization in the brain might contribute to certain symptoms of autism, such as sensory sensitivities or behavioral challenges. If this were the case, interventions that support energy metabolism or reduce oxidative stress (a form of energy-related damage) could theoretically help mitigate these symptoms.

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Autism From a Biological Perspective

What Is Autism?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. While the exact causes of autism remain unclear, research has identified molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to its development.

1. Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. It is characterized by a wide range of severity, with some individuals requiring significant support while others may lead independent lives. The etiology of autism is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and molecular factors. While there is no cure for autism, understanding its molecular and cellular mechanisms can provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies, including dietary and herbal interventions.

2. Autism at the Molecular and Cellular Level

2.1 Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms
Autism is linked to genetic mutations that disrupt normal brain development. Many of these mutations affect molecules involved in synaptic plasticity, the process by which neurons communicate and adapt. Key molecular pathways implicated in autism include:

• Neurotransmitter Systems: Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate have been observed in individuals with autism. For example, excessive glutamate signaling can lead to excitotoxicity, a process that damages neurons.

• Synaptic Proteins: Mutations in genes encoding synaptic proteins, such as SHANK3 and neuroligins, can impair the structure and function of synapses, the connection points between neurons.

• Immune Dysregulation: Recent studies suggest that immune system abnormalities, including inflammation and oxidative stress, play a role in autism. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can disrupt neuronal function and synaptic communication.

2.2 Cellular Mechanisms
At the cellular level, autism is associated with abnormal neuronal structure and function. For instance:

• Neuroinflammation: Activated microglia, the brain's immune cells, release inflammatory mediators that can damage neurons and disrupt synaptic function. Neuroinflammation, can lead to chronic inflammation in the brain, impairing neurotransmitter function and causing neuronal damage.

• Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells, are often impaired in autism, leading to reduced energy production and increased oxidative stress.

• Neuroplasticity Deficits: Autism is linked to reduced neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself. This can affect learning and behavioral flexibility.

• Compromised Endogenous Cannabinoid (EC) system: There is growing evidence suggesting that the EC system may be compromised in people with autism, although the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The EC system compromise in ASD likely involves both cellular and molecular mechanisms, including altered endocannabinoid levels, receptor dysfunction, enzyme dysregulation, and neuroinflammation.

2.3 Brain Structure and Function
Studies using neuroimaging techniques have identified structural and functional differences in the brains of individuals with autism. These include:

• Enlarged Brain Volume: Some individuals with autism have larger brain sizes, particularly in early childhood.

• Abnormalities in Cortical Structure: Differences in the thickness and folding of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for higher-order functions, have been observed.

• Functional Connectivity: Autism is associated with altered connectivity between brain regions, particularly in networks involved in social communication and sensory processing.

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Can Autism Be Alleviated by Substances from Food or Herbs?

While autism is a complex condition that cannot be "cured" by dietary changes or herbal remedies alone, certain natural substances may help balance brain function and alleviate symptoms. These include:

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), play a crucial role in maintaining brain health. Their benefits extend to reducing inflammation and supporting synaptic function, which are essential for cognitive processes and overall neurological well-being.

• Reducing Inflammation:Omega-3 fatty acids are renowned for their anti-inflammatory properties, which are particularly beneficial in addressing neuroinflammation. Omega-3s help mitigate this by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which are involved in producing inflammatory eicosanoids. Omega-3s also promote the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, such as resolvins and protectins, which not only reduce inflammation but also help in the resolution of inflammatory processes, thereby protecting neural tissue from damage and promoting a healthier brain environment.

• Supporting Synaptic Function: DHA contributes to neuronal membrane fluidity, ensuring that ion channels and receptors function efficiently. This fluidity is essential for neuronal communication and the transmission of electrical impulses. Additionally, Omega-3s enhance neurotransmitter signaling by influencing the structure and function of synapses, the gaps where neurons communicate. This enhancement improves the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood and cognitive functions. Furthermore, both EPA and DHA support neural plasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and form new neural connections, which is vital for recovery from brain injuries and maintaining cognitive health as we age.

Food sources: Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines, and anchovies are excellent sources, as they provide both EPA and DHA. For those preferring plant-based options, flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and canola oil are good choices, though they primarily offer ALA (Alpha-linolenic acid), which the body converts into EPA and DHA at lower efficiency. Eggs and yogurt, can also contribute to Omega-3 intake. Vegetarians and vegans might consider algae oil supplements for direct DHA and EPA sources.

Photo by Caroline Attwood on Unsplash

2. Antioxidants
People with autism often experience elevated levels of oxidative stress, which can lead to neuronal damage. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants, which neutralize these molecules. In individuals with autism, this imbalance can be particularly detrimental, potentially exacerbating symptoms and affecting brain health. Key antioxidants include:

• Vitamin D: Often referred to as a hormone rather than just a vitamin, Vitamin D is essential for brain function and immune regulation. It influences genes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and neuroprotection. Notably, many individuals, especially those with limited sun exposure, are deficient in Vitamin D.

  Rediscover the Amazing Benefits of Sunlight for Your Health and Wellbeing
  If sunshine is insufficient, vitamin D can be supplied by eating eggs, red meat, liver, and fish.

• Vitamin C: This water-soluble vitamin, abundant in many fruits, vegetables, and leafy greens, is a potent antioxidant that supports immune function and iron absorption.

• Polyphenols: Found in berries, green tea, and dark chocolate, polyphenols are powerful antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties.

• Luteolin: The flavonoid found in many plants, has shown potential in reducing inflammation and improving symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. It inhibits the activation of microglia, which are linked to neuroinflammation in ASD. Luteolin decreases inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF, and it has been associated with improved social behavior and reduced cytokine levels in autistic individuals.
  See my earlier post on the topic for a list of luteolin's natural sources.

  Luteolin: The Little Yellow Wonder with Health-Boosting Power!

• Piperine: It is an alkaloid from black and long pepper which activates pain-sensing ion channels in the nervous system. Known for its antioxidant properties, it enhances memory and cognition and has been used to treat epilepsy. A study showed piperine protected hippocampus neurons from glutamate-induced damage by regulating calcium ion entry. In experiments on autistic mice, piperine demonstrated antioxidant, cognitive-enhancing, and neuroprotective effects, alongside anxiolytic properties. Research suggests piperine may offer benefits for autistic children, highlighting its potential in treating ASD.

3. Probiotics and the Gut-Brain Axis
There is a strong connection between the gut microbiome and brain function, known as the gut-brain axis. Many individuals with autism experience gastrointestinal disturbances, which may contribute to behavioral symptoms. Probiotics and fermented foods can help restore gut health, potentially improving brain function.

Probiotic-rich foods: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi.

Yogurt: The Secret to a Long and Healthy Life

Prebiotics: Non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria, found in foods like garlic, onions, and bananas.

Photo by Tiard Schulz on Unsplash

4. Herbs with Neuroprotective Properties
Certain herbs have been studied for their potential to support brain health and reduce autism-related symptoms. These include:

• Turmeric: Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities. It may help reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function.
  Curcumin has poor bioavailability, meaning the body doesn't absorb it easily. Combining it with black pepper significantly improves absorption.

• Ginkgo Biloba: Known for improving cerebral blood flow, Ginkgo Biloba might influence glutamate uptake and receptor activity, potentially preventing excitotoxicity and supporting brain health.

• Bacopa Monnieri: Used in Ayurvedic medicine, Bacopa Monnieri enhances cognitive function and may regulate glutamate signaling by influencing synaptic plasticity, the mechanism underlying learning and memory. It supports efficient glutamate signaling without causing overstimulation.

• Green Tea (EGCG): Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol in green tea, exhibits antioxidant properties and may reduce excitotoxicity by modulating glutamate release and uptake. Studies suggest EGCG influences glutamate receptors, potentially protecting against neurodegenerative diseases.

  

  Photo by Tamara Harhai on Unsplash

5. B Vitamins and Magnesium

• B Vitamins: Play a crucial role in neurotransmitter synthesis and energy production. Deficiencies in B vitamins, particularly B6 and B12, are common in autism.
  B vitamins are abundant in a variety of foods, making it relatively easy get them through a well-rounded diet. Here are some of the best natural sources:

  • Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes.

  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Dairy products, leafy greens, and almonds.

  • Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Meat, fish, Brewer's yeast, whole grains, and peanuts.

  • Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Avocados, eggs, and sweet potatoes.

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Chicken, fish, potatoes, and bananas.

  • Vitamin B7 (Biotin): Eggs, nuts, and leafy greens.

  • Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid): Spinach, broccoli, and fortified cereals.

  • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): Animal products like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. Plant-based sources include fortified foods and nutritional yeast.

• Magnesium: Low magnesium levels can contribute to hyperexcitability and sensory sensitivities. Magnesium modulates NMDA receptors, a type of glutamate receptor, preventing overactivity. Deficiency in magnesium can lead to glutamate-induced neuronal excitability, contributing to anxiety and cognitive issues. Magnesium acts as a co-factor in synaptic transmission, supporting neuronal health.
  Magnesium can be found in a variety of foods such as:

  • Leafy Greens: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are rich in magnesium.

  • Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds are excellent sources.

  • Legumes: Black beans, lentils, and chickpeas are high in magnesium.

  • Whole Grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread provide magnesium.

  • Fish: Mackerel and salmon are good sources of this mineral.

  • Dark Chocolate: Dark chocolate with at least 70% cocoa content is a tasty magnesium-rich option.

  Vitamin B6, when given in large amounts, especially when given with moderate amounts of magnesium and the other B vitamins, can safely bring about substantial improvement in a significant proportion of children and adults diagnosed as autistic

  Megavitamin B6 and Magnesium in the Treatment of Autistic Children and Adults | SpringerLink

6. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabidivarin (CBDV): Studies show hemp's cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidivarin (CBDV) may effectively reduce autistic behaviors and improve symptoms by modulating the compromised endocannabinoid system, offering therapeutic benefits with minimal side effects. Conversely, high tetrahydrocannabinol THC can worsen neurological disorders.
   Hemp: Rediscovering Nature’s Versatile Gift - Part I - Medical Properties

7. Sulforaphane: Found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, sulforaphane has shown promise in supporting detoxification pathways and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. Preliminary studies suggest it may improve social communication and repetitive behaviors in individuals with autism.

8. Red Light Therapy: It may improve the mitochondrial function in individuals with autism through several mechanisms:

• Enhanced Mitochondrial Energy Production: The therapy involves the absorption of red or near-infrared light by cytochrome c oxidase, a key enzyme in mitochondria. This absorption can enhance ATP production, providing cells with more energy, which may improve cellular function and potentially alleviate autism symptoms related to communication and behavior.

• Reduction of Oxidative Stress: By increasing antioxidant production, red light therapy can help balance free radicals, protecting mitochondria from damage and promoting healthier cellular environments.

• Improved Blood Flow: The release of nitric oxide, facilitated by red light absorption, can enhance blood flow, delivering more oxygen and nutrients to brain cells, which may support improved neurological function.

• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Red light therapy's ability to reduce inflammation could lessen the burden on mitochondria, potentially easing chronic inflammation sometimes associated with autism.

  ✨ Red light (630-750 nm) can penetrate tissues but is difficult to pass through the skull, especially in adults with thicker skulls, limiting its reach to brain cells. That doesn't mean it couldn't be useful: even at low intensities, red and near-infrared light can stimulate biological responses, such as increasing ATP production or reducing inflammation, through mechanisms like photobiomodulation. In infants, red light may be more effective due to their thinner skulls. More research is needed to fully understand the efficacy of red light's impact on brain cells.

  🌄🌅 Red light is a part of natural sunlight, being most intense during sunrise and sunset. So, people with autism can take advantage of this natural gift by spending time outdoors during these times.

Photo by Warren on Unsplash

8. Other Sources of Beneficial Substances and Supplements for autism: Besides the substances mentioned above, there are numerous other sources available. Since autistic individuals often experience food sensitivities, finding a balance between foods they enjoy and those that are beneficial for them is crucial. Ideally, incorporate a variety of sources, especially if the person with autism has severe food limitations and the previously mentioned options (other than sunlight) are not suitable.
   Some people may consider supplements, but please refer to my previous article on this topic, as supplements are largely unregulated, and the label may not accurately reflect the contents. Additionally, some products may contain unexpected additives. It is important not to experiment with supplements on individuals who are already unwell. Remember, nature often provides all that is needed.
   

   What Do You Need To Know Before Buying Supplements

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Conclusion

Autism is a complex condition with molecular and cellular underpinnings. Certain natural compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, probiotics, neuroprotective herbs, and red light therapy, may provide supportive benefits by reducing inflammation, enhancing synaptic function, and promoting balanced brain chemistry. However, these interventions should not serve as a replacement for conventional therapies but rather complement them as part of a holistic management strategy for autism. Additional research is necessary to better understand and harness the potential of natural compounds in supporting individuals with autism.

References

Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Potential natural products for the management of autism spectrum disorder

Role of Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Therapeutic Regulation

The role of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorders

Magnesium, hyperactivity and autism in children

Megavitamin B6 and Magnesium in the Treatment of Autistic Children and Adults

Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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